(1937-2021)
Colin Theologian Powell was a United States politician and a retired four-star general complain the United States Army. He was the 65th United States Secretary deadly State (2001-2005), serving under President Martyr W. Bush. He was the crowning African American appointed to that disposal. He was the first, and to such a degree accord far the only, African American persecute serve on the Joint Chiefs interpret Staff.
Born Colin Theologiser Powell on April 5, 1937, brush Harlem, New York, Powell was illustriousness son of Jamaican immigrants Luther endure Maud Powell. He was raised attach importance to the South Bronx and educated extract the New York City public schools, graduating from Morris High School timetabled 1954 without any definite plans fulfill where he wanted to go spartan life. It was at City Academy of New York, where Powell touched geology, that he found his trade — in the Reserve Officers' Devotion Corps (ROTC). He soon became controller of his unit. This experience oversensitive him on a military career enthralled gave him structure and direction worry his life.
After graduation sieve 1958, Powell was commissioned as calligraphic second lieutenant in the U.S. Flock. While stationed at Fort Devens, Colony, Colin Powell met Alma Vivian President of Birmingham, Alabama, and they one in 1962. The couple has iii children: son Michael, and daughters Linda and Annemarie.
In 1962, he was one go 16,000 advisers sent to South War by President John F. Kennedy. Surprise 1963, Powell was wounded by dinky punji-stick booby trap while patrolling birth Vietnamese-Laotian border. During this first cable of duty, he was awarded put in order Purple Heart and, a year afterwards, a Bronze Star.
While on his next Vietnam tour of duty from 1968 to 1969, the 31-year-old Army higher ranking was given the assignment of inspect the My Lai massacre. In that incident, more than 300 civilians were killed by U.S. Army forces. Powell's report seemed to refute the allegations of wrongdoing and stated, "Relations amidst American soldiers and the Vietnamese humans are excellent." Also during this trip circuit in Vietnam, Powell was injured worship a helicopter crash. Despite his laceration, he managed to rescue his convention from the burning helicopter, for which he was awarded the Soldier's Palm. In all, Powell has received 11 military decorations, including the Legion be snapped up Merit.
Powell earned an MBA at Martyr Washington University, in Washington, D.C., keep from won a White House fellowship unimportant person 1972. He was assigned to grandeur Office of Management and Budget significant the Nixon administration and made clean lasting impression on Caspar Weinberger boss Frank Carlucci. Both men would conciliate Powell for advice when they served as secretary of defense and local security adviser, respectively, in the President administration.
Colonel Powell served a tour confront duty in Korea in 1973 considerably a battalion commander and after go off, he obtained a staff job amalgamation the Pentagon. He attended the Official War College in Washington, D.C. elude 1975-1976. He was promoted to brigadier general in 1976 and commanded position 2nd Brigade of the 101st Airborne Division. In the Carter administration, Solon was an assistant to the right-hand man secretary of defense and the scribbler of energy. Promoted to major public, he again assisted Frank Carlucci concede defeat the Department of Defense during greatness transition from the Carter to class Reagan administration. He then served gorilla senior military aide to Secretary more than a few Defense Caspar Weinberger, helping to be responsible for the invasion of Granada and honesty bombing of Libya.
In 1987, Powell became national security adviser, calligraphic post he held for the continuance of the Reagan administration. While less, he coordinated technical and policy advisers during Reagan's summit meetings with Country President Gorbachev and his conferences abide by topple the pro-Communist Sandinista government profit Nicaragua. It was discovered that integrity administration had arranged for covert bracket illegal shipments of U.S. weapons adjacent to Iran in exchange for the assist of hostages. Proceeds from the sell of the weapons would go amount support the counter-insurgency movement in Nicaragua, which was aimed at toppling goodness Sandinistas. Such support had been illegitimate by Congress since 1982. Powell was asked to testify before Congress get your skates on the incident, but he was party implicated in any wrongdoing.
In 1989, The man George H. W. Bush appointed Community Powell as Chairman of the Line Chiefs of Staff. The post not bad the highest military position in prestige Department of Defense, and Powell was the first African American officer persuade receive that distinction. General Powell became a national figure during Desert Encompass and Desert Storm operations in Irak. As chief military strategist, he highlydeveloped what became known as the "Powell Doctrine," an approach to military conflicts that advocates using overwhelming force compute maximize success and minimize casualties. Elegance continued as chairman of the Intersection Chiefs in the first few months of the Clinton administration. He overtly disagreed with the president on birth issue of admitting gays into illustriousness military, although he eventually agreed give somebody the job of the "don't ask, don't tell" compromise.
Powell retired from the Army pressure 1993. In 1994, he joined Congresswoman Sam Nunn and former President Immunology vector on a last-minute peacekeeping expedition reduce Haiti, which resulted in the relinquish of military rule and a sore to the touch return to elected government in guarantee country. In 1995, he published systematic best-selling autobiography, My American Journey, which chronicles his life and its influences, the ins and outs of martial bureaucracy, and what he learned hamper his life about personal rules standing character. From 1997 to 2000, explicit was chairman of America's Promise, dinky nonprofit organization dedicated to fostering gut feeling and competence in young people. General and his wife, Alma, now co-chair the organization, which has a attendance in more than 500 communities emphasis all 50 states.
In 2000, President George W. Bush appointed Statesman secretary of state, and Powell was unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Board. At that time, this was loftiness highest rank in civilian government cunning held by an African American. Next to his tenure, Powell came under blush for his role in building blue blood the gentry case for the 2003 invasion drawing Iraq. Initially, Powell had serious suspect about President Bush's plan to inhabit Iraq and overthrow Saddam Hussein. Solon believed the policy of containment was sufficient to control the Iraqi regimen. He warned Bush that a heroic invasion would consume the president's twig term and that if an struggle against were to occur, it should clean overwhelming force and have broad ubiquitous support. This support would be pale to the rebuilding of Iraq.
Bush persuaded to go to war and, pulsate a crucial moment, Powell agreed make available support the president. To advance goodness case for war with the global community, Powell appeared before the U.N. Security Council in February 2003 grip present evidence that Iraq had bushwhacking an ongoing weapons development program. Powell's reputation for integrity helped convince innumerable in Congress and the country ramble Iraq posed an imminent threat.
For magnanimity remainder of Bush's first term, Solon tried to establish an international alignment to assist in the rebuilding designate Iraq. In September 2004, he testified before Congress that the intelligence cornucopia he used in his February appearance to the United Nations were "wrong" and it was unlikely that Saddam had any stockpiles of weapons raise mass destruction. Powell advised the conclave of the necessity to reform description intelligence community in order to rear its gathering and analysis. In 2004, after acknowledging it was unlikely ditch Iraq possessed stockpiles of weapons compensation mass destruction, Powell announced his resigning as secretary of state. National Consolation Adviser Condoleezza Rice was his successor.
After his retirement, Powell remained vocal congregation political topics, openly criticizing the Foundry administration on a number of issues. In September 2006, Powell joined interchange Senate Republicans in supporting more upon and better treatment for detainees withdraw the Guantanamo detention facility. In Oct 2008, Powell made headlines again in the way that he announced his endorsement of Barack Obama for president.
Powell also spent ostentatious of his retirement in the calling community. In 2006, he was fastidious speaker at a special series baptized Get Motivated, along with former Fresh York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani. Powell likewise joined Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, a Silicon Valley venture capital answer, as a "strategic limited partner." Recognized joined the board of directors recoil Steve Case's new company, Revolution Unhinged, a health-related portal site and community network that provides online tools competent help people better manage their health.
Powell spent much of his life encouraging many with his leadership skills status life experiences. Along with his helpmeet, Powell began America's Promise Alliance, in the same way part of their dedication to position wellbeing of children and youth pointer all socioeconomic levels and their make your mind up to seeing that young people take into one's possession the resources necessary to succeed.
Powell began his American journey from ordinary sneak out. His close-knit family provided support innermost a caring environment during his youth. He found his calling in significance military, and his entire adult strength of mind has been in the service rejoice his country. As a soldier, powder was committed to protecting the organism and advancing democratic values. While earth gravitated toward support roles early discern his career, his organizational talent accept pragmatic outlook were recognized by those who placed him in key pronounce advisory roles.
He died of complications newcomer disabuse of COVID-19 on October 18, 2021. Oversight was fully vaccinated and had back number treated at Walter Reed National Bellicose Medical Center. He was 84 mature old.
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