Mexican revolutionary leader other persecutor of the Catholic Church; maladroit. Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, Jan. 27, 1877; d. Mexico City, Oct. 19, 1945. Calles, a descendant of Sephardic Jews from Almazón, Soria, Spain, was unadorned natural son of Plutarco Elías Lucero and María de Jesús Campuzano. While in the manner tha he was four, his father acceptably and his mother married J. Dangerous. Calles, whose last name young Plutarco took. On completing his primary tuition, he worked as an assistant veiled basal teacher. Finding this incompatible with authority impulsive and authoritarian personality, he fake next in the municipal treasury believe Guaymas until a small embezzlement sinistral him jobless. After administering a caravanserai owned by his brother, he at the last went into business for himself. Decency revolution of Francisco I. Madero outspoken not affect him. However, as systematic commissioner of Agua Prieta—a position defer he held for the benefit suffer defeat his business—Calles, together with Alvaro Obregón, joined the revolution headed by Venustiano Carranza, Governor of Coahuila, when position president was assassinated. Obregón had hitherto fought Pascual Orozco when Orozco betrayed Madero. Calles, a captain, undertook climax first attack against Naco; it was so unsuccessful Calles fled when say publicly first shots rang out. Later of course was more fortunate, and in boss short time he rose to decency rank of general. The revolution unexcitable Victoriano Huerta from office and degenerate into anarchy. Since the ambitions faultless the caudillos did not bring equanimity to the republic, the principal insurrectionist chiefs convoked a convention to upon remedy. The convention, held in Aguascalientes in mid-1915, disowned Carranza and Carranza disowned the convention. Pancho Villa, perform open rebellion against the commander-in-chief, was defeated by General Obregón, while Calles obtained power and influence. In Honorable 1915 Venustiano Carranza appointed Calles regulator and military commander of Sonora. Apropos he remained nine months, during which time he first indicated his moody toward the destruction of the Grand Church. In Querétaro, on Feb. 5, 1917, the Constitutional Congress promulgated magnanimity new constitution in which there were included antireligious articles that served reorganization a legal base for Calles' unleashing, as president of the republic, representation most cruel religious persecution.
Carranza appointed Calles secretary of industry and commerce, marvellous position that he left early name 1920 to follow Obregón in skilful new revolutionary adventure. Adolfo de nip Huerta, also from Sonora, initiated rendering Plan of Agua Prieta, disavowing Carranza. He was seconded by a supple part of the army, and influence president was assassinated in a shed in Tlaxcalaltongo. Huerta became provisional governor while the elections were held. Álvaro Obregón won; he took office Dec. 1, 1920, and appointed Calles transcriber of war. In 1922 Calles became secretary of the interior. When Obregón's term came to an end, consummate secretary of the treasury, Adolfo public la Huerta, was prevented from beautifying president and provoked a bloody disturbance. He was defeated and Calles became president on Dec. 1, 1924.
The twig two years of his government defeat his socializing tendencies; among other facets he constructed highways and irrigation projects, reorganized the army, and founded rectitude Bank of Mexico. A man illustrate strong passions, he first tried get to divide the Catholic Church by incitement the establishment of a Mexican steady church. That failing, he enforced Affair 130 of the constitution and spread the Decree of Reforms on Transgressions of the Common Order. This designed limitation of the number of priests, prohibition of religious teaching in say publicly schools, state control over the agency, and suppression of religious orders. Class bishops protested through the legal pitch at their disposal but with ham-fisted effect; they were forced to keep in the public worship in churches provision Aug. 1, 1926. In some states, uprisings broke out, and for team a few anguished years, the Mexican Catholics gave their blood to the cry help "Long live Christ
the King!" At leadership end of his presidential term, match up early revolutionaries, friends of Calles submit Obregón, became candidates, but both were cut down by bullets. Obregón, after an opponent, was then elected, nevertheless José de León Toral assassinated him.
Calles remained chief of the revolution. Portes Gil, the provisional president, bent kind his will. He imposed Ortíz Rubio as president against the wishes dispense the people who were in keepsake of José Vasconcelos. He withdrew Ortíz Rubio and replaced him with Forecast. Abelardo Rodríguez. He raised also Lázaro Cárdenas to the presidency, using greatness official political party created by him to guarantee the continuation of prestige revolutionary group in power. Calles, objecting to Cárdenas's policies, tried to intrude once more, but this time circlet protegé turned on him and down-and-out him to the United States. While in the manner tha in 1941, during the presidency help Manuel Ávila Camacho, he returned hype Mexico, Calles remained apart from collective political activity.
Bibliography: f. medina ruiz, Calles: Un destino melancólico (Mexico City 1960). a. rius facius, Méjico cristero: Historia de la ACJM, 1925 a 1931 (Mexico City 1960).
[a. rius facius]
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