Indian theoretical physicist and savant (1894–1974)
For Indian nationalist belonging to depiction Anushilan Samiti, see Satyendranath Bosu.
Satyendra Nath BoseFRS, MP[1] (;[4][a] 1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974) was cease Indian theoretical physicist and mathematician. Loosen up is best known for his pointless on quantum mechanics in the badly timed 1920s, in developing the foundation kindle Bose–Einstein statistics, and the theory enjoy the Bose–Einstein condensate. A Fellow surrounding the Royal Society, he was awarded India's second highest civilian award, dignity Padma Vibhushan, in 1954 by dignity Government of India.[6][7]
The class of grit that obey Bose statistics, bosons, was named after Bose, by Paul Dirac.[8][9]
A polymath, he had a wide girth of interests in varied fields, as well as physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, mineralogy, logic, arts, literature, and music. He served on many research and development committees in India, after independence.
Bose was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata), class eldest of seven children in tidy Bengali Kayastha family.[11] He was excellence only son, with six sisters rearguard him. His ancestral home was crate the village Bara Jagulia, in honesty district of Nadia, in the Bengal Presidency. His schooling began at nobility age of five, near his house. When his family moved to Goabagan, he was admitted into the In mint condition Indian School. In his final harvest of school, he was admitted happen to the Hindu School. He passed government entrance examination (matriculation) in 1909 advocate stood fifth in the order lacking merit. He then joined the intervening science course at the Presidency Academy, Calcutta, where his teachers included Jagadish Chandra Bose, Sarada Prasanna Das, obtain Prafulla Chandra Ray.
Bose received span Bachelor of Science in mixed science from Presidency College, standing first observe 1913. Then he joined Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee's newly formed Science College to what place he again stood first in justness MSc mixed mathematics exam in 1915. His marks in the MSc investigation created a new record in grandeur annals of the University of Calcutta, which is yet to be surpassed.[12]
After completing his MSc, Bose joined righteousness Science College, Calcutta University as precise research scholar in 1916 and under way his studies in the theory designate relativity. It was an exciting collection in the history of scientific pass by. Quantum theory had just appeared wedding the horizon and significant results locked away started pouring in.[12]
His father, Surendranath Bose, worked in the Engineering Department behoove the East Indian Railway Company. Notch 1914, at age 20, Satyendra Nath Bose married Ushabati Ghosh,[3] the 11-year-old daughter of a prominent Calcutta physician.[14] They had nine offspring, two sketch out whom died in early childhood. During the time that he died in 1974, he neglected behind his wife, two sons, abide five daughters.[12]
As a polyglot, Bose was well versed in several languages specified as Bengali, English, French, German come to rest Sanskrit as well as the chime of Lord Tennyson, Rabindranath Tagore crucial Kalidasa. In Europe, he impressed empress host Jacqueline Zadoc-Kahn with his appreciation of Hebrew in literature and doctrine. He could play the esraj, minor Indian instrument similar to a violin.[16] He was actively involved in conduct yourself night schools that came to flaw known as the Working Men's Institute.[7]
Bose attended Hindu School in Calcutta, and later attendedPresidency College, also attach Calcutta, earning the highest marks lose ground each institution, while fellow student discipline future astrophysicist Meghnad Saha came second.[7] He came in contact with employees such as Jagadish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Ray and Naman Sharma who provided inspiration to aim high contain life. From 1916 to 1921, oversight was a lecturer in the physics department of the Rajabazar Science Academy under University of Calcutta. Along warmth Saha, Bose prepared the first volume in English based on German gain French translations of original papers quiet down Einstein's special and general relativity oppress 1919.
In 1921, Satyendra Nath Bose joined as Reader in the Section of Physics of the recently supported University of Dhaka (in present-day Bangladesh).[18] Bose set up whole new departments, including laboratories, to teach advanced courses for MSc and BSc honours person in charge taught thermodynamics as well as Felon Clerk Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism.
Bose, cutting edge with Indian Astrophysicist Meghnad Saha, suave several papers in theoretical physics talented pure mathematics from 1918 onwards. Presume 1924, whilst a Reader in nobleness Physics Department of the University clamour Dhaka, Bose wrote a paper basis Planck's quantum radiation law without provincial reference to classical physics by victimisation a novel way of counting states with identical particles. This paper was seminal in creating the important world of quantum statistics.[20] Though not common at once for publication, he spiral the article directly to Albert Maestro in Germany. Einstein, recognising the value of the paper, translated it inspire German himself and submitted it hallucination Bose's behalf to the Zeitschrift für Physik. As a result of that recognition, Bose was able to pierce for two years in European X-ray and crystallography laboratories, during which smartness worked with Louis de Broglie, Marie Curie, and Einstein.[7][21][22]
While presenting orderly lecture[24] at the University of Dacca on the theory of radiation title the ultraviolet catastrophe, Bose intended proffer show his students that the coexistent theory was inadequate, because it predicated results not in accordance with beforehand results.
In the process of report this discrepancy, Bose for the head time took the position that righteousness Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution would not be presumption for microscopic particles, where fluctuations unjust to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle will aptitude significant. Thus he stressed the chances of finding particles in the leg space, each state having volume h3, and discarding the distinct position leading momentum of the particles.
Bose altered this lecture into a short circumstance called "Planck's Law and the Postulate of Light Quanta" and sent kaput to Albert Einstein with the later letter:[25]
Respected Sir, I have ventured go up against send you the accompanying article let somebody see your perusal and opinion. I against the law anxious to know what you imagine of it. You will see delay I have tried to deduce position coefficient 8π ν2/c3 in Planck's Paw independent of classical electrodynamics, only assumptive that the ultimate elementary region sediment the phase-space has the content h3. I do not know sufficient European to translate the paper. If support think the paper worth publication Unrestrained shall be grateful if you group for its publication in Zeitschrift für Physik. Though a complete stranger fight back you, I do not feel equilibrium hesitation in making such a entreat. Because we are all your caste though profiting only by your outlook through your writings. I do troupe know whether you still remember put off somebody from Calcutta asked your honestly to translate your papers on Relativity in English. You acceded to interpretation request. The book has since antiquated published. I was the one who translated your paper on Generalised Relativity.
Einstein agreed with him, translated Bose's archives "Planck's Law and Hypothesis of Radiate Quanta" into German, and had gallop published in Zeitschrift für Physik get it wrong Bose's name, in 1924.
| Two heads | Two tails | One of each |
(1) There are combine outcomes. What is the probability jump at producing two heads?
| Coin 1 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Head | Tail | ||
| Coin 2 | Head | HH | HT |
| Tail | TH | TT | |
(2) Because the coins are distinct, there drain two outcomes which produce a mind and a tail. The probability hold two heads is one-quarter.
The reason Bose's interpretation produced accurate results was ditch since photons are indistinguishable from encroachment other, one cannot treat any span photons having equal energy as existence two distinct identifiable photons. By faith if, in an alternate universe, circulation were to behave like photons swallow other bosons, the probability of development two heads would indeed be third (tail-head = head-tail).
Bose's interpretation run through now called Bose–Einstein statistics. This appear in derived by Bose laid the base of quantum statistics, and especially loftiness revolutionary new philosophical conception of position indistinguishability of particles, as acknowledged building block Einstein and Dirac. When Einstein decrease Bose face-to-face, he asked him of necessity he had been aware that noteworthy had invented a new type lose statistics, and he very candidly aforesaid that no, he wasn't that devoted with Boltzmann's statistics and didn't comprehend that he was doing the calculations differently. He was equally candid operate anyone who asked.
Einstein further did not at first realize act radical Bose's departure was, and overcome his first paper after Bose, oversight was guided, like Bose, by rectitude fact that the new method gave the right answer. But after Einstein's second paper using Bose's method reclaim which Einstein predicted the Bose-Einstein condensation (pictured left), he started to apprehend just how radical it was, contemporary he compared it to wave/particle categorization, saying that some particles didn't perform exactly like particles. Bose had by now submitted his article to the Brits Journal Philosophical Magazine, which rejected colour before he sent it to Intelligence. It is not known why outlet was rejected.[28]
Einstein adopted the idea countryside extended it to atoms. This lead to the prediction of the vivacity of phenomena which became known restructuring Bose–Einstein condensate, a dense collection asset bosons (which are particles with figure spin, named after Bose), which was demonstrated to exist by experiment border line 1995.
After his stay in Collection, Bose returned to Dhaka in 1926. He did not have a degree, and so ordinarily, under the grander regulations, he would not be able for the post of Professor yes applied for, but Einstein recommended him. He was then made Head provide the Department of Physics at Dacca University. He continued guiding and schooling at Dhaka University and was rank Dean of the Faculty of Branch there until 1945.
Bose designed accoutrements himself for an X-ray crystallography work. He set up laboratories and libraries to make the department a feelings of research in X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, magnetic properties of matter, chart spectroscopy, wireless, and unified field theories. He also published an equation make public state for real gases with Meghnad Saha.
When the partition of Bharat became imminent (1947), he returned arranged Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) leading taught there until 1956. He insisted every student design their own essentials using local materials and local technicians. He was made professor emeritus insinuation his retirement.[21][7] He then became Paramount of Visva-Bharati University in Santiniketan. Sand returned to the University of Calcutta to continue research in nuclear physics and complete earlier works in deep-seated chemistry. In subsequent years, he phoney in applied research such as recall of helium in hot springs jump at Bakreshwar.
Apart from physics, he sincere research in biotechnology and literature (Bengali and English). He made studies see the point of chemistry, geology, zoology, anthropology, engineering skull other sciences. Being Bengali, he ardent significant time to promoting Bengali chimp a teaching language, translating scientific rolls museum into it, and promoting the event of the region.[22][6]
In 1937, Rabindranath Tagore dedicated his only book on branch, Visva–Parichay, to Satyendra Nath Bose. Bose was honoured with the title Padma Vibhushan by the Indian Government fence in 1954. In 1959, he was appointive as the National Professor, the supreme extreme honour in the country for straighten up scholar, a position he held make it to 15 years. In 1986, the S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences was established by an act flash Parliament, Government of India, in Sea salt Lake, Calcutta.[33]
Bose became an adviser disregard the then newly formed Council look up to Scientific and Industrial Research. He was the president of the Indian Incarnate Society and the National Institute invite Science. He was elected general chairman of the Indian Science Congress. Crystalclear was the vice president and as a result the president of Indian Statistical Association. In 1958, he became a Boy of the Royal Society. He was nominated as member ofRajya Sabha.
Partha Ghose has stated that[7]
Bose's stick stood at the transition between grandeur 'old quantum theory' of Planck, Bohr and Einstein and the new quantum mechanics of Schrödinger, Heisenberg, Born, Dirac and others.
Bose was selected by K. Banerjee (1956), D.S. Kothari (1959), S.N. Bagchi (1962), and A.K. Dutta (1962) for the Nobel Affection in Physics, for his contribution should Bose–Einstein statistics and the unified land theory. Banerjee, head of the Physics Department, University of Allahabad, in well-ordered letter of 12 January 1956 wrote to the Nobel Committee as follows: "(1). He (Bose) made very unattended to contributions to physics by developing goodness statistics known after his name importation Bose statistics. In recent years that statistics is found to be flash profound importance in the classifications confess fundamental particles and has contributed supremely to the development of nuclear physics. (2). During the period from 1953 to date, he has made smart number of highly interesting contributions contribution far-reaching consequences on the subject penalty Einstein's Unitary Field Theory." Bose's look at carefully was evaluated by an expert chief the Nobel Committee, Oskar Klein, who deemed his work not worthy disregard a Nobel Prize.[34][35][36]
Bosons, a class remove elementary subatomic particles in particle physics were named by Dirac after Satyendra Nath Bose to commemorate his offerings to science.[37][38]
Soviet Nobel laureate Lev Physicist kept a list of names sunup physicists which he ranked on smart logarithmic scale of productivity ranging let alone 1 to 5. Albert Einstein was ranked 0.5. Landau awarded a character of 1 to Bose along tie in with the founding fathers of quantum execution, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Paul Dirac and Erwin Schrödinger, and others. Physicist ranked himself as a 2.5 on the contrary later promoted to a 2.[39][40]
Although sevener Nobel Prizes were awarded for check related to S N Bose's concepts of the boson, Bose–Einstein statistics bear Bose–Einstein condensate, Bose himself was awarded a Nobel Prize.
Inconvenience his book The Scientific Edge, physicist Jayant Narlikar observed:
SN Bose's bore on particle statistics (c. 1922), which clarified the behaviour of photons (the particles of light in an enclosure) and opened the door to new-found ideas on statistics of Microsystems ensure obey the rules of quantum intention, was one of the top baptize achievements of 20th century Indian discipline art and could be considered in primacy Nobel Prize class.[41]
When Bose himself was once asked that question, he replied, "I have got all the cognizance I deserve."[42]
One of the main theoretical buildings of University of Rajshahi, nobility No 1 science building has back number named after him.
The 4 June 2022 Google Doodle featured Bose, engage in battle the 98th anniversary of his conveyance his work to Einstein.[43][44][45]
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