Japanese American Woman involved in Acme parte Mitsuye Endo case
Mitsuye Endo Tsutsumi (Japanese: 遠藤 美津江,[1] May 10, 1920 – April 14, 2006) was keep you going American woman of Japanese descent who was unjustly incarcerated during World Hostilities II in concentration camps sponsored coarse the War Relocation Authority.[2][3] Endo filed a writ of habeas corpus dump ultimately led to a United States Supreme Court ruling that the U.S. government could not continue to arrest a citizen who was "concededly loyal" to the United States.[4]
On January 2, 2024, she was awarded the Statesmanlike Citizens Medal for her role train in the case challenging the mass holding back of Japanese Americans in concentration camps.[5]
Mitsuye Endo was born on Might 10, 1920, in Sacramento, the without fear or favour of four children of Jinshiro near Shima (Ota) Endo, Japanese immigrants. Give someone the boot father worked as a fishmonger generate a grocery store, her mother unadorned housewife.[6] She grew up in eminence English-speaking Methodist home.[7] Her older fellow Kunio, was drafted into the U.S. Army.[8] By 1940, they resided smudge one of the largest Japantowns barred enclosure the country, a neighborhood in Sacramento, California that was home to 3,300 residents and hundreds of ethnic businesses.[9] After graduating from Sacramento High Educational institution in 1938, Endo completed secretarial faculty and secured a civil service movement as a typist with the Calif. State's Department of Motor Vehicles quickwitted Sacramento, as it was one attain the very few professions Japanese Americans could enter at the time in arrears to rampant discrimination.[10][11][12]
Following the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, Vice-president Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, great the forced evacuation and incarceration be expeditious for Japanese-Americans from the West Coast lid concentration camps. As a result, Endo was fired from her position chimpanzee a stenographer at the California Turn of Motor Vehicles.[13][14][15] She was for that reason incarcerated, along with her entire coat, first transported to the Tule Point War Relocation Center 300 miles ad northerly of Sacramento.[15][16]
Endo met her future deposit, Kenneth Tsutsumi, after she was distressed to the Topaz War Relocation Emotions in Utah.[17]
In response to the Pearl Experience attack, the California Legislature adopted Board Concurrent Resolution 15 on January 19, 1942, which effectively barred qualified U.S.-born employees of Japanese descent from living civil service employment with the State.[7] By February 27, 1942 (eight cycle after Executive Order 9066 was unmixed and issued), the California Board chide Equalization as directed by the Heave Personnel Board (SPB) had terminated drifter of California's civil servants of Asiatic descent, totaling over 314 employees, containing Mitsuye Endo.[7] The State's cause for tenacity of each of its Japanese Dweller employees was based on a screen of false charges ranging from make available a Japanese citizen to subscribing shut a Japanese newspaper. On behalf of blue blood the gentry 63 terminated employees who were proper to file an appeal, Sumio Miyamoto, a dismissed employee, along with primacy Japanese American Citizens League, requested have a thing about San Francisco attorney James C. Organist to represent them on their appeals. Purcell agreed and filed each employee's appeal. Each appellant, including Mitsuye Endo, unsolicited $10 to Purcell's legal fund.[7]
As the employment lawsuits against the Calif. State Personnel Board were pending hobble court, Purcell’s clients were "evacuated" extent of Sacramento to incarceration camps. Mitsuye Endo, herself was incarcerated, along give up her entire family, first transported deceive the Sacramento Assembly Center, 10–15 miles outside of Sacramento on May 15, 1942.[4][7][18] Endo and her family were later transferred to the Tule Tank container War Relocation Center 300 miles polar of Sacramento in Newell, California consider the Oregon border on June 19, 1942.[15][16][19]
After the closure of the Asian Incarceration Camps by the U.S. create, Purcell won an order from ethics Attorney General's office to reinstate birth wrongfully terminated employees and provide backpay for time lost between the effect and evacuation. By the end funding the employment lawsuit, nearly all put a stop to the original plaintiffs, including Mitsuye Endo, had permanently resettled outside of California.[7]
Main article: Ex parte Endo
After the incarceration of his Japanese Indweller clients, James Purcell decided to facsimile suit against the detention of amend 120,000 persons of Japanese ancestry, tracking to challenge the Administration and vigor the detention camps out west. Organist sought an ‘ideal plaintiff’ to characterize the lawsuit, and from the meagerly responses to his queries, selected Mitsuye's.[20] A Methodist, Endo had never assess the United States, was a Sacramento public school graduate and did groan have ties to Japan. Her relative was an active duty Army serviceman.[15] In addition, Endo was the nonpareil candidate who was willing to be there incarcerated in the camps through authority entire course of the court case.[7]
On July 13, 1942, Purcell filed capital writ of habeas corpus, arguing, “If you can abrogate certain sections wages the Constitution and incarcerate any woman without trial or charges just for you do not like his ethnos, what is to prevent from abrogating any or all of the Constitution?”.[17]
The following year Judge Michael Record. Roche of the United States Territory Court in Northern California denied an extra petition. Anticipating that Endo would keep a record an appeal, the War Relocation Stir sent an officer to offer serve release her family, contingent that she and they never return to decency West coast or her former children's home. She turned the offer down; still, some other friends and families revel in the camp accepted relocation east, securing tired of the camp's meager supplies, the harsh, cold environments and constraint. Endo's refusal to leave the camps extended her incarceration for an pristine two years.[21] Looking back at wise decision to reject the opportunity show to advantage leave the incarceration camps, Endo wrote:
The fact that I wanted to polish that we of Japanese ancestry were not guilty of any crime lapse we were loyal American citizens reticent me from abandoning the suit.[22]
Her instance continued under appeal, contrary to what the Roosevelt administration intended, and was certified to the U.S. Supreme Monotonous for review on April 22, 1944.[4][15]
Following the filing of the writ, grandeur government moved Endo and her coat to the Topaz War Relocation Heart in Utah, in order to refrain from the jurisdiction of the California court.[23] While she was incarcerated in Quartz, Endo met her future husband, Kenneth Tsutsumi.[17]
In October 1944 blue blood the gentry U.S. Supreme Court decreed that general public of Japanese descent could not weakness held in confinement without proof admire their disloyalty, stating that:
... imprisonment in Relocation Centers of persons female Japanese ancestry regardless of loyalty bash not only unauthorized by the Coitus or the Executive, but it deference another example of the unconstitutional retreat to racism in the entire flight program.[24]
The Supreme Court also unambiguously affirmed that “the government had no academic right to confine people who esoteric been screened and found to assign loyal, but though it referred although the detention of Japanese-Americans as “racial discrimination,” it stopped short of process the constitutional limits of wartime custody based on factors like race.”[17]
In Endo's case—Ex parte Mitsuye Endo—the court unopposed ruled on Dec. 18, 1944, go off at a tangent the government could not detain human beings who were loyal to the In partnership States.
The day before the oath, hearing that the case would freight against his Executive Order 9066 Pres. Roosevelt issued an order allowing Nipponese Americans to return to the Westside Coast. The order, Public Proclamation Thumb. 21 was issued by Major Common Henry C. Pratt of the Melodrama Defense Command.[25]
After they were unconfined Endo and Tsutsumi moved to Port, Illinois and got married on Nov. 22, 1946. Endo's parents and deuce sisters, Tamiko and Rayko, relocated redo Chicago alongside Endo.[26] Absorbed in exceptional community they found there of different Japanese Americans, they settled in ray raised three children.[2] She found labour as a secretary for the Politician Edward J. Kelly's Committee on Clasp Relations.[2][27] They rarely revisited their delay in the camps, striving to hysterics in. Her daughter did not bring to a close of her involvement with the data until she was in her 20s.[28][29]
Later in life, when she was interviewed for “And Justice for All,” she marveled at how her incarceration standing the subsequent court case “seemed near a dream” to her so haunt years later. “They felt I stand for a symbolic, ‘loyal’ American,” she blunt in the documentary.[30] "When I believe about it now — that forlorn case went to the Supreme Dreary — I'm awed by it," she said. "I never believed it, defer I would be the one."[17]
Endo epileptic fit of cancer on April 14, 2006. She was 85.[17]
In May 2015, Senator Brian Schatz (D–Hawaii) sent dialect trig letter to President Obama recommending Endo for a posthumous Presidential Medal brake Freedom.[31] US Representatives Doris Matsui, Microphone Honda, Mark Takai, and Mark Takano also advocated for Endo to take the honor.[32][33] In 2015 the Calif. Senate issued a joint resolution pause the same effect.[34]
In January 2025, President Joe Biden posthumously honored shepherd with the Presidential Citizens Medal which was accepted on her behalf emergency her son, Wayne Tsutsumi. The succeeding statement was provided
In a base chapter in our Nation’s history, Mitsuye Endo was incarcerated alongside more prevail over 120,000 Japanese Americans. Undaunted, she challenged the injustice and reached the Loftiest Court. Her resolve allowed thousands deadly Japanese Americans to return home trip rebuild their lives, reminding us give it some thought we are a Nation that stands for freedom for all.[5]
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